Amman, the capital city of Jordan, is a vibrant metropolis steeped in history and culture. It is the political, cultural, and economic hub of the country, offering a unique blend of ancient traditions and modernity. Located in north-central Jordan, Amman is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with a history that dates back to the Neolithic period.
City Facts
Area: 1,680 square kilometers
Population: Approximately 4 million (as of 2023)
Time Zone: Eastern European Time (EET), UTC +2; Eastern European Summer Time (EEST), UTC +3 during daylight saving time
Highest Mountain: Jabal Amman (918 meters)
Longest River: Zarqa River (70 kilometers)
History and Development
Amman’s history is rich and varied, having been inhabited by numerous civilizations, including the Ammonites, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans. The city was known as Rabbath Ammon during the Iron Age and as Philadelphia during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. It was later renamed Amman and became a major commercial and cultural center.
Amman has grown rapidly since the mid-20th century, transforming from a small town into a bustling metropolis. The city is characterized by its modern architecture, ancient ruins, and vibrant culture. Today, Amman is a major tourist destination, known for its historical sites, cultural institutions, and bustling markets.
Culture and Society
Amman is a cultural melting pot, reflecting the diverse heritage of Jordan. The city’s culture is influenced by its ancient history, Bedouin traditions, and modern developments. Amman is home to numerous cultural institutions, including museums, galleries, and theaters. The city hosts various cultural festivals and events throughout the year, celebrating Jordanian and Arab culture.
The people of Amman are known for their hospitality and friendliness. The city’s population is diverse, with a mix of Jordanians, Palestinians, and expatriates from around the world. Amman’s culinary scene is vibrant, offering a wide range of traditional Jordanian dishes as well as international cuisine.
Major Landmarks
Amman is home to numerous landmarks that showcase its rich history, vibrant culture, and modern developments. Some of the most notable landmarks include:
The Citadel
The Amman Citadel, located on Jabal al-Qala’a, is one of the city’s most significant historical sites. The Citadel is home to several ancient structures, including the Temple of Hercules, the Umayyad Palace, and the Byzantine Church. The site also offers panoramic views of the city.
Roman Theater
The Roman Theater, built in the 2nd century AD, is one of the most well-preserved Roman theaters in the world. The theater, which could seat up to 6,000 spectators, is still used today for cultural events and performances. It is located in the heart of downtown Amman and is a major tourist attraction.
King Abdullah I Mosque
The King Abdullah I Mosque, completed in 1989, is one of the largest and most impressive mosques in Jordan. The mosque, which can accommodate up to 7,000 worshippers, is known for its stunning blue dome and intricate interior decorations. It is a symbol of Jordan’s Islamic heritage and modern architectural achievements.
Rainbow Street
Rainbow Street is one of Amman’s most popular destinations, known for its lively atmosphere, trendy cafes, restaurants, and shops. The street is a cultural hub, hosting various events and activities throughout the year. It is a great place to experience the vibrant life of Amman.
Jordan Museum
The Jordan Museum, located in the Ras Al-Ein area, is the largest museum in Jordan. The museum houses a vast collection of artifacts that showcase Jordan’s rich history and cultural heritage. The exhibits cover various periods, from the prehistoric era to modern times.
Al Hussein Public Parks
Al Hussein Public Parks, located in the western part of Amman, is a large recreational area that offers a variety of activities for visitors. The park features lush gardens, walking paths, sports facilities, and a cultural village. It is a popular spot for families and tourists looking to relax and enjoy the outdoors.
The Boulevard
The Boulevard is a modern mixed-use development located in the Abdali district of Amman. The area features luxury hotels, high-end shops, restaurants, and offices. It is a symbol of Amman’s modern development and economic growth.
Royal Automobile Museum
The Royal Automobile Museum, located in Al Hussein Public Parks, showcases a stunning collection of cars and motorcycles owned by the Jordanian royal family. The museum offers a unique glimpse into the history of Jordan through its impressive collection of vehicles.
Wakalat Street
Wakalat Street, located in the Sweifieh area, is a pedestrian-only street known for its shopping and dining options. The street is lined with international and local boutiques, cafes, and restaurants, making it a popular destination for both locals and tourists.
Amman Mall
Amman Mall is one of the largest and most popular shopping centers in the city. The mall features a wide range of stores, entertainment options, and dining facilities. It is a great place to shop, dine, and enjoy various activities.
Climate Overview
Amman has a semi-arid climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The city’s climate is influenced by its elevation and location in the eastern Mediterranean region. The average annual temperature in Amman is around 18°C (64°F), with significant variations between summer and winter.
Average Temperature, Precipitation, and Sunny Days by Month
| Month | Average Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Sunny Days |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | 8 | 60 | 20 |
| February | 9 | 50 | 20 |
| March | 12 | 40 | 23 |
| April | 17 | 20 | 25 |
| May | 22 | 10 | 28 |
| June | 26 | 0 | 30 |
| July | 29 | 0 | 31 |
| August | 29 | 0 | 31 |
| September | 26 | 0 | 29 |
| October | 21 | 10 | 27 |
| November | 15 | 30 | 23 |
| December | 10 | 50 | 20 |
Other Cities that Served as the Capital of Jordan
Petra (4th century BC – 2nd century AD)
Period: 4th century BC – 2nd century AD
Petra, the ancient city carved into rose-red cliffs, served as the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom. It was a major trading hub and cultural center, renowned for its advanced engineering and stunning architecture. Petra’s most famous structures include the Treasury (Al-Khazneh), the Monastery (Ad-Deir), and the Roman Theater.
Notable Landmarks in Petra
Al-Khazneh (The Treasury): One of Petra’s most iconic structures, the Treasury is a magnificent tomb carved into the sandstone cliffs. It is believed to have been built in the 1st century AD and is a symbol of Petra’s architectural prowess.
Ad-Deir (The Monastery): The Monastery is one of the largest monuments in Petra, located high in the mountains. It is similar in design to the Treasury but larger in scale. The Monastery offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.
Roman Theater: The Roman Theater in Petra was built in the 1st century AD and could seat up to 8,500 spectators. The theater is carved into the rock and offers a glimpse into the cultural life of ancient Petra.
Philadelphia (Greek and Roman periods)
Period: Greek and Roman periods
Philadelphia, the ancient name for Amman, was an important city during the Greek and Roman periods. It was named by Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt in the 3rd century BC. The city was known for its strategic location and thriving economy.
Notable Landmarks in Philadelphia
Roman Theater: The Roman Theater in Amman, built during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius, is a testament to the city’s Roman heritage. The theater is one of the most impressive Roman structures in the region.
Odeon Theater: The Odeon Theater, located near the Roman Theater, is a smaller theater used for musical performances. It dates back to the 2nd century AD and is well-preserved.
Nymphaeum: The Nymphaeum is a large Roman public fountain that once served as a center of social and cultural life in Philadelphia. The structure dates back to the 2nd century AD and is partially preserved.
Salt (1921-1922)
Period: 1921-1922
Salt, a historic city located northwest of Amman, briefly served as the administrative capital of the Emirate of Transjordan before the establishment of Amman as the permanent capital. The city is known for its Ottoman-era architecture and historical significance.
Notable Landmarks in Salt
Salt Archaeological Museum: The museum, housed in an Ottoman-era building, showcases artifacts from various periods of Salt’s history. It offers insights into the city’s cultural and historical heritage.
Hammam Street: Hammam Street is one of Salt’s main thoroughfares, lined with historic buildings, shops, and cafes. It is a vibrant area that reflects the city’s rich history and culture.
Salt Grand Mosque: The Salt Grand Mosque, built in the late 19th century, is one of the city’s most prominent landmarks. The mosque’s architecture reflects the Ottoman influence on Salt’s urban development.
Other Cities with Historical Significance
Jerash
Jerash, known for its well-preserved Roman ruins, was an important city during the Roman period. The city is famous for its colonnaded streets, temples, theaters, and public squares. Jerash hosts the annual Jerash Festival of Culture and Arts, which attracts performers and visitors from around the world.
Karak
Karak, located south of Amman, is known for its impressive Crusader castle. The Karak Castle, built in the 12th century, played a significant role in the Crusader and Islamic history of the region. The city of Karak offers a glimpse into Jordan’s medieval past and its strategic importance.
Country Facts
According to wilsoncountries.com, Jordan, officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country located in the heart of the Middle East. Here are some key facts about Jordan:
Population: Approximately 10 million (as of 2023)
Area: 89,342 square kilometers
Largest City: Amman
Currency: Jordanian Dinar (JOD)
Official Language: Arabic
ISO Country Codes: JO, JOR, 400
History and Culture
Jordan’s history dates back to ancient times, with evidence of human habitation since the Paleolithic period. The country has been home to various civilizations, including the Ammonites, Moabites, Nabataeans, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans. Jordan gained independence from British rule in 1946 and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
Jordanian culture is a blend of Bedouin traditions and modern influences. The country is known for its hospitality, rich cuisine, and vibrant arts scene. Traditional music, dance, and festivals play an important role in Jordanian society.
Economy and Infrastructure
Jordan has a diverse economy, with key sectors including tourism, manufacturing, mining, and services. The country is known for its stable political environment and strategic location, making it an attractive destination for investment. The tourism sector is a major contributor to the economy, with historical and natural attractions like Petra, the Dead Sea, and Wadi Rum drawing millions of visitors each year.
Jordan’s infrastructure includes well-developed transportation networks, modern telecommunications, and efficient public services. The country’s major highways connect cities and towns, while Queen Alia International Airport in Amman is a major hub for international flights.
Natural Beauty
Jordan is renowned for its stunning landscapes, from the arid deserts of Wadi Rum to the lush forests of Ajloun. The Dead Sea, the lowest point on Earth, is famous for its therapeutic properties and mineral-rich waters. Petra, one of the New Seven Wonders of the World, is a testament to Jordan’s rich archaeological heritage.
Education and Healthcare
Jordan has a well-established education system, with numerous public and private institutions offering primary, secondary, and tertiary education. The University of Jordan, located in Amman, is the country’s oldest and largest university. Other notable institutions include Jordan University of Science and Technology and Yarmouk University.
Jordan’s healthcare system is one of the most advanced in the region, with a network of public and private hospitals and clinics. The country is known for its medical tourism, attracting patients from around the Middle East and beyond.
Government and Politics
Jordan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. The King of Jordan is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Jordanian Parliament consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is appointed by the King, while members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people.